![]() ![]() , characterised Cannabis by-products, but the focus was aimed more towards the later by-products emerging from the distillation stages, i.e. One study, conducted by Leyva-Gutierrez et al. One might also expect a fraction of this wax to contain cannabinoids, since this wax is a by-product from cannabinoid extraction. Cyclic compounds such as terpenoids and sterols are also present in most plant waxes, including those derived from Cannabis. Plant waxes are commonly composed of aliphatic compounds such as long-chain alkanes, fatty alcohols, fatty acids, and wax esters. Identification and quantification of the major compounds present in these wax by-products would allow for the identification of individual compounds or groups of compounds to target for further recovery. ![]() Due to the different extraction conditions and feed material used, the compositions of these products are significantly different. , who reported on the composition of Soxhlet extracted waxes from hemp and hemp seed oil, respectively. The wax differs from, for instance, hemp wax or hemp seed oil, as it is a co-extracted by-product and not a targeted extraction such as described in Noppawan et al. ![]() However, there remains significant uncertainty in the exact composition of the Cannabis by-product wax, which is an obstacle for potential further valorisation of this by-product. The amount of wax generated is significant, at 5–10% (w/w) from biomass input is generated, and so the utilisation or valorisation of this Cannabis wax may hold significant potential in unlocking additional value from Cannabis processing. The precipitated waxes are removed from the primary stream through filtration as the presence of lipophilic compounds in the extracts negatively affects the performance of the various downstream distillation stages and the product quality. On an industrial scale, ethanol extraction is generally implemented. However, the use of SC-CO 2 also results in the co-extraction of waxes, and therefore, the winterisation stage for wax removal is also required when using this procedure. Ethanol can be added as a co-solvent during SC-CO 2, which has been reported to extract cannabinoid acids at higher efficiencies. Another effective extraction technique used is supercritical-CO 2 (SC-CO 2) extraction, which has been demonstrated to effectively extract the cannabinoids from the flowers at high purities. The market size of these products is projected to exceed USD 108.8 billion by 2027, which necessitates an increase in production or process efficiency to meet the demands of the larger market.Ĭommercial cannabinoid extraction generally follows the route of primary solid–liquid extraction from plant material with ethanol, followed by a winterisation step to precipitate co-extracted plant waxes. cannabinoid isolates and extracts, was estimated to be USD 7.1 billion in 2020 with a projected compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of ~ 35% between 20. The global market for Cannabis-derived products, i.e. With the increase in research done on Cannabis and its unique compounds, various extraction methods from either hemp fibres or Cannabis flowers are commercially used to produce valuable extracts. It can be concluded that due to the high concentration of cannabinoids remaining in the wax even after processing, and their relative commercial value, recovery of the cannabinoids from the wax could form a potential valorisation application for the underutilised Cannabis wax by-product. The most abundant wax compound class in wax B was the n-alkanes at a concentration of 54.55 mg/g and the dominant species in that fraction was nonacosane (C29) with a concentration of 24.47 mg/g. For wax A the largest remaining wax compound class was the fatty acids, which reported a concentration of 172.2 mg/g, with linoleic acid being the most abundant at a concentration of 68.47 mg/g. The cannabinoid fraction was the most abundant fraction in both waxes, reporting a total fraction of 509.3 mg/g for wax A and 392.6 mg/g for wax B, on a solvent-free basis. The main classes quantified in the Cannabis waxes were cannabinoids, n-alkanes, fatty alcohols, fatty acids, sterols, and various terpenoids. ![]() Two industrial wax by-products (wax A and wax B) were used as the feedstock for the characterisation, differing in both strain of Cannabis used and downstream processing conditions. This study applied both gas and liquid chromatography methods to characterise the major compounds present in the waxy by-product from commercial Cannabis processing. However, $\ce$ and others) you just have to know because only this specific combination will give this colour.Cannabinoid extraction during Cannabis processing produces a wax by-product which is currently underutilised, partially because the composition is poorly understood. Yes, d-orbital splitting is part of the reason for colour. There are a few wrong assumptions in your question that I would like to clear up. ![]()
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